Leading health advocates are pleading for bolder action on monkeypox, saying New Zealand could see the same failures as other countries if the government doesn't act now.

A five-page letter has been sent to Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, with a range of government ministers and health officials copied in, including Minister of Health Andrew Little, Associate Minister of Health Ayesha Verrall, and top staff from Health New Zealand and the Māori Health Authority.

It calls for "urgent action to prepare for and prevent the escalation of MPX [monkeypox] cases in Aotearoa New Zealand", and is signed by Burnett Foundation (formerly the NZ Aids Foundation) chief executive Joe Rich, New Zealand Sexual Health Society president Anne Robertson, and top sexual health researcher Peter Saxton.

"We must act now," they wrote. "The rapid spread of MPX indicates a failure of the public health strategies that were implemented early on overseas."

They want a dedicated monkeypox response team; a vaccine plan prioritised; better, stigma-free, public health communication; and support for self-isolation.

Rich told RNZ the organisation had been constructively working with the government on a response but was concerned how similar current plans were to those of Northern Hemisphere countries.

"What we're seeing at the moment is that in the Northern Hemisphere, the approaches that they've been using to try and control monkeypox have not been working and the [case] numbers are increasing."

Since early May, more than 18,000 cases have been confirmed or suspected in more than 70 countries outside of where the virus was usually endemic.

In New Zealand, three cases have been confirmed - two of whom have recovered.

The Ministry of Health considers the public health risk to be low-to-moderate, but with a high risk of more cases being imported.

Rich says a post-exposure vaccine approach, known as ring vaccination, is "not going to be enough" and that it should instead be pre-emptive and used as a primary tool, instead of relying on contact tracing and testing.

"This is not a criticism," he says. "This is just saying that we have the advantage ... of being able to learn about what is or isn't working in other countries."

University of Auckland associate professor Peter Saxton says procuring pre-exposure vaccines is needed so New Zealand can "stay ahead of the virus, rather than chasing an infection that we see moving fast among most at-risk communities overseas".

He's concerned that infections will soon start being missed and the virus will "start spreading locally".

"We still have a short window of opportunity to act before monkeypox becomes established."

The Ministry of Health says it's "working with Pharmac to secure access to third generation smallpox vaccines that can be considered for the targeted prevention of monkeypox".

RNZ understands health officials and manufacturers are discussing a possible delivery schedule for a vaccine, as well as antiretroviral treatments.

'I'm quite worried to be honest with you'

Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) have been disproportionately affected in the current global outbreak, but anyone can be infected with monkeypox.

The Ministry of Health says the risk of transmission is "considerably lower" than Covid-19 or measles, "given it requires very close contact".

It could be transmitted person-to-person by close contact with skin lesions, body fluids, respiratory droplets and contaminated materials such as bedding, but was not likely to be a sexually transmitted infection.

Dr Massimo Giola. Photo: Supplied.

Dr Massimo Giola, a member of the New Zealand Sexual Health Society executive, says the country needs to act "before we have a major problem in our hands".

Dr Giola is gay and studied infectious disease in Italy, during the 1990s, "right at the top of the AIDs pandemic".

The current monkeypox outbreak makes him feel like he's reliving that time but in "fast forward" and he wants to see a stronger outbreak response.

He understands why some MSM "feel under threat".

"I'm quite worried to be honest with you."

There are challenges in creating a response without stigma, Giola says.

Specifically, officials need to carefully juggle acknowledging the disproportionate rate at which the MSM community is being affected, without stoking the homophobia that the outbreak had stirred up online, including people calling monkeypox a "gay disease" or thinking it only affected the MSM community, he says.

The struggle of this is already coming through in patients he saw.

Giola has started talking to patients enquiring about HIV-prevention drug PrEP whether they knew of monkeypox and where to find information.

"Always, always, always the question I get is: 'when are we getting the vaccine?' So people are very aware there is a vaccine and they definitely want to have access to that."

'Leadership, bold action' needed

The Burnett Foundation's Rich says they are not trying to create panic but officials need to be "very careful" to get the response right.

"We know from our experience with Covid we have unique opportunities in New Zealand to learn from the rest of the world."

Similarities to the Covid-19 pandemic response were mentioned in the letter to Ardern.

"As with Covid-19, an effective response to MPX requires leadership, bold action, and comprehensive resourcing at a level commensurate with the threat of this novel global public health emergency."

RNZ asked the Ministry of Health a series of specific questions about the concerns raised in the letter.

They went unanswered, but the acting public health director, Harriette Carr, says the ministry "acknowledge the concerns raised in this letter".

Carr also says public health advice has been worked on since "the early stages of the current global outbreak" for the general public and health professionals.

RNZ has also approached the offices of the prime minister, minister of health, and associate health minister for comment.

-RNZ/Jake McKee.